Session 1
Data Exploration with the tidyverse
Resource and basis: https://r4ds.had.co.nz/transform.html
Data Preparation
- Transforming: filtering, summarising, groupwise calculations
- Tidying: data into appropriate formats
- Merging: linking different data sets together
The tidyverse
Install the package
#this does not run
install.packages("tidyverse")
library(tidyverse)Load the package
#this runs
library(tidyverse)
library(dplyr)Gapminder Dataset
gap <- read.csv("data/gapminder-FiveYearData.csv", stringsAsFactors = TRUE)
head(gap)## country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap
## 1 Afghanistan 1952 8425333 Asia 28.801 779.4453
## 2 Afghanistan 1957 9240934 Asia 30.332 820.8530
## 3 Afghanistan 1962 10267083 Asia 31.997 853.1007
## 4 Afghanistan 1967 11537966 Asia 34.020 836.1971
## 5 Afghanistan 1972 13079460 Asia 36.088 739.9811
## 6 Afghanistan 1977 14880372 Asia 38.438 786.1134dplyr?
select(): pick variables by their namesfilter(): pick observations by their valuesgroup_by(): change scope of the datasetsummarize(): collapse many values into a single summarymutate(): create new variables as functions of existing variablesarrange(): re-order rows.
Functions take arguments:
function(argument1, argument2, argument3, …)
First argument: the data Next arguments: options Ouput of a dplyr function is a new data frame
dataframe –> function –> dataframe
dplyr Functions
Select Columns with select
year_country_gdp <- select(gap, year, country, gdpPercap)
head(year_country_gdp)## year country gdpPercap
## 1 1952 Afghanistan 779.4453
## 2 1957 Afghanistan 820.8530
## 3 1962 Afghanistan 853.1007
## 4 1967 Afghanistan 836.1971
## 5 1972 Afghanistan 739.9811
## 6 1977 Afghanistan 786.1134The Pipe
# NOT run
cupcakes <- bake(pour(mix(ingredients)))## NOT run
batter <- mix(ingredients)
muffin_tin <- pour(batter)
cupcakes <- bake(muffin_tin)## NOT run
cupcakes <- ingredients %>%
mix() %>%
pour() %>%
bake()select & Pipe (%>%)
#simple pipe
gap %>%
select(year, country, gdpPercap)## year country gdpPercap
## 1 1952 Afghanistan 779.4453
## 2 1957 Afghanistan 820.8530
## 3 1962 Afghanistan 853.1007
## 4 1967 Afghanistan 836.1971
## 5 1972 Afghanistan 739.9811
## 6 1977 Afghanistan 786.1134
## 7 1982 Afghanistan 978.0114
## 8 1987 Afghanistan 852.3959
## 9 1992 Afghanistan 649.3414
## 10 1997 Afghanistan 635.3414
## 11 2002 Afghanistan 726.7341
## 12 2007 Afghanistan 974.5803
## 13 1952 Albania 1601.0561
## 14 1957 Albania 1942.2842
## 15 1962 Albania 2312.8890
## 16 1967 Albania 2760.1969
## 17 1972 Albania 3313.4222
## 18 1977 Albania 3533.0039
## 19 1982 Albania 3630.8807
## 20 1987 Albania 3738.9327
## 21 1992 Albania 2497.4379
## 22 1997 Albania 3193.0546
## 23 2002 Albania 4604.2117
## 24 2007 Albania 5937.0295
## 25 1952 Algeria 2449.0082
## 26 1957 Algeria 3013.9760
## 27 1962 Algeria 2550.8169
## 28 1967 Algeria 3246.9918
## 29 1972 Algeria 4182.6638
## 30 1977 Algeria 4910.4168
## 31 1982 Algeria 5745.1602
## 32 1987 Algeria 5681.3585
## 33 1992 Algeria 5023.2166
## 34 1997 Algeria 4797.2951
## 35 2002 Algeria 5288.0404
## 36 2007 Algeria 6223.3675
## 37 1952 Angola 3520.6103
## 38 1957 Angola 3827.9405
## 39 1962 Angola 4269.2767
## 40 1967 Angola 5522.7764
## 41 1972 Angola 5473.2880
## 42 1977 Angola 3008.6474
## 43 1982 Angola 2756.9537
## 44 1987 Angola 2430.2083
## 45 1992 Angola 2627.8457
## 46 1997 Angola 2277.1409
## 47 2002 Angola 2773.2873
## 48 2007 Angola 4797.2313
## 49 1952 Argentina 5911.3151
## 50 1957 Argentina 6856.8562
## 51 1962 Argentina 7133.1660
## 52 1967 Argentina 8052.9530
## 53 1972 Argentina 9443.0385
## 54 1977 Argentina 10079.0267
## 55 1982 Argentina 8997.8974
## 56 1987 Argentina 9139.6714
## 57 1992 Argentina 9308.4187
## 58 1997 Argentina 10967.2820
## 59 2002 Argentina 8797.6407
## 60 2007 Argentina 12779.3796
## 61 1952 Australia 10039.5956
## 62 1957 Australia 10949.6496
## 63 1962 Australia 12217.2269
## 64 1967 Australia 14526.1246
## 65 1972 Australia 16788.6295
## 66 1977 Australia 18334.1975
## 67 1982 Australia 19477.0093
## 68 1987 Australia 21888.8890
## 69 1992 Australia 23424.7668
## 70 1997 Australia 26997.9366
## 71 2002 Australia 30687.7547
## 72 2007 Australia 34435.3674
## 73 1952 Austria 6137.0765
## 74 1957 Austria 8842.5980
## 75 1962 Austria 10750.7211
## 76 1967 Austria 12834.6024
## 77 1972 Austria 16661.6256
## 78 1977 Austria 19749.4223
## 79 1982 Austria 21597.0836
## 80 1987 Austria 23687.8261
## 81 1992 Austria 27042.0187
## 82 1997 Austria 29095.9207
## 83 2002 Austria 32417.6077
## 84 2007 Austria 36126.4927
## 85 1952 Bahrain 9867.0848
## 86 1957 Bahrain 11635.7995
## 87 1962 Bahrain 12753.2751
## 88 1967 Bahrain 14804.6727
## 89 1972 Bahrain 18268.6584
## 90 1977 Bahrain 19340.1020
## 91 1982 Bahrain 19211.1473
## 92 1987 Bahrain 18524.0241
## 93 1992 Bahrain 19035.5792
## 94 1997 Bahrain 20292.0168
## 95 2002 Bahrain 23403.5593
## 96 2007 Bahrain 29796.0483
## 97 1952 Bangladesh 684.2442
## 98 1957 Bangladesh 661.6375
## 99 1962 Bangladesh 686.3416
## 100 1967 Bangladesh 721.1861
## 101 1972 Bangladesh 630.2336
## 102 1977 Bangladesh 659.8772
## 103 1982 Bangladesh 676.9819
## 104 1987 Bangladesh 751.9794
## 105 1992 Bangladesh 837.8102
## 106 1997 Bangladesh 972.7700
## 107 2002 Bangladesh 1136.3904
## 108 2007 Bangladesh 1391.2538
## 109 1952 Belgium 8343.1051
## 110 1957 Belgium 9714.9606
## 111 1962 Belgium 10991.2068
## 112 1967 Belgium 13149.0412
## 113 1972 Belgium 16672.1436
## 114 1977 Belgium 19117.9745
## 115 1982 Belgium 20979.8459
## 116 1987 Belgium 22525.5631
## 117 1992 Belgium 25575.5707
## 118 1997 Belgium 27561.1966
## 119 2002 Belgium 30485.8838
## 120 2007 Belgium 33692.6051
## 121 1952 Benin 1062.7522
## 122 1957 Benin 959.6011
## 123 1962 Benin 949.4991
## 124 1967 Benin 1035.8314
## 125 1972 Benin 1085.7969
## 126 1977 Benin 1029.1613
## 127 1982 Benin 1277.8976
## 128 1987 Benin 1225.8560
## 129 1992 Benin 1191.2077
## 130 1997 Benin 1232.9753
## 131 2002 Benin 1372.8779
## 132 2007 Benin 1441.2849
## 133 1952 Bolivia 2677.3263
## 134 1957 Bolivia 2127.6863
## 135 1962 Bolivia 2180.9725
## 136 1967 Bolivia 2586.8861
## 137 1972 Bolivia 2980.3313
## 138 1977 Bolivia 3548.0978
## 139 1982 Bolivia 3156.5105
## 140 1987 Bolivia 2753.6915
## 141 1992 Bolivia 2961.6997
## 142 1997 Bolivia 3326.1432
## 143 2002 Bolivia 3413.2627
## 144 2007 Bolivia 3822.1371
## 145 1952 Bosnia and Herzegovina 973.5332
## 146 1957 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1353.9892
## 147 1962 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1709.6837
## 148 1967 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2172.3524
## 149 1972 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2860.1698
## 150 1977 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3528.4813
## 151 1982 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4126.6132
## 152 1987 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4314.1148
## 153 1992 Bosnia and Herzegovina 2546.7814
## 154 1997 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4766.3559
## 155 2002 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6018.9752
## 156 2007 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7446.2988
## 157 1952 Botswana 851.2411
## 158 1957 Botswana 918.2325
## 159 1962 Botswana 983.6540
## 160 1967 Botswana 1214.7093
## 161 1972 Botswana 2263.6111
## 162 1977 Botswana 3214.8578
## 163 1982 Botswana 4551.1421
## 164 1987 Botswana 6205.8839
## 165 1992 Botswana 7954.1116
## 166 1997 Botswana 8647.1423
## 167 2002 Botswana 11003.6051
## 168 2007 Botswana 12569.8518
## 169 1952 Brazil 2108.9444
## 170 1957 Brazil 2487.3660
## 171 1962 Brazil 3336.5858
## 172 1967 Brazil 3429.8644
## 173 1972 Brazil 4985.7115
## 174 1977 Brazil 6660.1187
## 175 1982 Brazil 7030.8359
## 176 1987 Brazil 7807.0958
## 177 1992 Brazil 6950.2830
## 178 1997 Brazil 7957.9808
## 179 2002 Brazil 8131.2128
## 180 2007 Brazil 9065.8008
## 181 1952 Bulgaria 2444.2866
## 182 1957 Bulgaria 3008.6707
## 183 1962 Bulgaria 4254.3378
## 184 1967 Bulgaria 5577.0028
## 185 1972 Bulgaria 6597.4944
## 186 1977 Bulgaria 7612.2404
## 187 1982 Bulgaria 8224.1916
## 188 1987 Bulgaria 8239.8548
## 189 1992 Bulgaria 6302.6234
## 190 1997 Bulgaria 5970.3888
## 191 2002 Bulgaria 7696.7777
## 192 2007 Bulgaria 10680.7928
## 193 1952 Burkina Faso 543.2552
## 194 1957 Burkina Faso 617.1835
## 195 1962 Burkina Faso 722.5120
## 196 1967 Burkina Faso 794.8266
## 197 1972 Burkina Faso 854.7360
## 198 1977 Burkina Faso 743.3870
## 199 1982 Burkina Faso 807.1986
## 200 1987 Burkina Faso 912.0631
## 201 1992 Burkina Faso 931.7528
## 202 1997 Burkina Faso 946.2950
## 203 2002 Burkina Faso 1037.6452
## 204 2007 Burkina Faso 1217.0330
## 205 1952 Burundi 339.2965
## 206 1957 Burundi 379.5646
## 207 1962 Burundi 355.2032
## 208 1967 Burundi 412.9775
## 209 1972 Burundi 464.0995
## 210 1977 Burundi 556.1033
## 211 1982 Burundi 559.6032
## 212 1987 Burundi 621.8188
## 213 1992 Burundi 631.6999
## 214 1997 Burundi 463.1151
## 215 2002 Burundi 446.4035
## 216 2007 Burundi 430.0707
## 217 1952 Cambodia 368.4693
## 218 1957 Cambodia 434.0383
## 219 1962 Cambodia 496.9136
## 220 1967 Cambodia 523.4323
## 221 1972 Cambodia 421.6240
## 222 1977 Cambodia 524.9722
## 223 1982 Cambodia 624.4755
## 224 1987 Cambodia 683.8956
## 225 1992 Cambodia 682.3032
## 226 1997 Cambodia 734.2852
## 227 2002 Cambodia 896.2260
## 228 2007 Cambodia 1713.7787
## 229 1952 Cameroon 1172.6677
## 230 1957 Cameroon 1313.0481
## 231 1962 Cameroon 1399.6074
## 232 1967 Cameroon 1508.4531
## 233 1972 Cameroon 1684.1465
## 234 1977 Cameroon 1783.4329
## 235 1982 Cameroon 2367.9833
## 236 1987 Cameroon 2602.6642
## 237 1992 Cameroon 1793.1633
## 238 1997 Cameroon 1694.3375
## 239 2002 Cameroon 1934.0114
## 240 2007 Cameroon 2042.0952
## 241 1952 Canada 11367.1611
## 242 1957 Canada 12489.9501
## 243 1962 Canada 13462.4855
## 244 1967 Canada 16076.5880
## 245 1972 Canada 18970.5709
## 246 1977 Canada 22090.8831
## 247 1982 Canada 22898.7921
## 248 1987 Canada 26626.5150
## 249 1992 Canada 26342.8843
## 250 1997 Canada 28954.9259
## 251 2002 Canada 33328.9651
## 252 2007 Canada 36319.2350
## 253 1952 Central African Republic 1071.3107
## 254 1957 Central African Republic 1190.8443
## 255 1962 Central African Republic 1193.0688
## 256 1967 Central African Republic 1136.0566
## 257 1972 Central African Republic 1070.0133
## 258 1977 Central African Republic 1109.3743
## 259 1982 Central African Republic 956.7530
## 260 1987 Central African Republic 844.8764
## 261 1992 Central African Republic 747.9055
## 262 1997 Central African Republic 740.5063
## 263 2002 Central African Republic 738.6906
## 264 2007 Central African Republic 706.0165
## 265 1952 Chad 1178.6659
## 266 1957 Chad 1308.4956
## 267 1962 Chad 1389.8176
## 268 1967 Chad 1196.8106
## 269 1972 Chad 1104.1040
## 270 1977 Chad 1133.9850
## 271 1982 Chad 797.9081
## 272 1987 Chad 952.3861
## 273 1992 Chad 1058.0643
## 274 1997 Chad 1004.9614
## 275 2002 Chad 1156.1819
## 276 2007 Chad 1704.0637
## 277 1952 Chile 3939.9788
## 278 1957 Chile 4315.6227
## 279 1962 Chile 4519.0943
## 280 1967 Chile 5106.6543
## 281 1972 Chile 5494.0244
## 282 1977 Chile 4756.7638
## 283 1982 Chile 5095.6657
## 284 1987 Chile 5547.0638
## 285 1992 Chile 7596.1260
## 286 1997 Chile 10118.0532
## 287 2002 Chile 10778.7838
## 288 2007 Chile 13171.6388
## 289 1952 China 400.4486
## 290 1957 China 575.9870
## 291 1962 China 487.6740
## 292 1967 China 612.7057
## 293 1972 China 676.9001
## 294 1977 China 741.2375
## 295 1982 China 962.4214
## 296 1987 China 1378.9040
## 297 1992 China 1655.7842
## 298 1997 China 2289.2341
## 299 2002 China 3119.2809
## 300 2007 China 4959.1149
## 301 1952 Colombia 2144.1151
## 302 1957 Colombia 2323.8056
## 303 1962 Colombia 2492.3511
## 304 1967 Colombia 2678.7298
## 305 1972 Colombia 3264.6600
## 306 1977 Colombia 3815.8079
## 307 1982 Colombia 4397.5757
## 308 1987 Colombia 4903.2191
## 309 1992 Colombia 5444.6486
## 310 1997 Colombia 6117.3617
## 311 2002 Colombia 5755.2600
## 312 2007 Colombia 7006.5804
## 313 1952 Comoros 1102.9909
## 314 1957 Comoros 1211.1485
## 315 1962 Comoros 1406.6483
## 316 1967 Comoros 1876.0296
## 317 1972 Comoros 1937.5777
## 318 1977 Comoros 1172.6030
## 319 1982 Comoros 1267.1001
## 320 1987 Comoros 1315.9808
## 321 1992 Comoros 1246.9074
## 322 1997 Comoros 1173.6182
## 323 2002 Comoros 1075.8116
## 324 2007 Comoros 986.1479
## 325 1952 Congo Dem. Rep. 780.5423
## 326 1957 Congo Dem. Rep. 905.8602
## 327 1962 Congo Dem. Rep. 896.3146
## 328 1967 Congo Dem. Rep. 861.5932
## 329 1972 Congo Dem. Rep. 904.8961
## 330 1977 Congo Dem. Rep. 795.7573
## 331 1982 Congo Dem. Rep. 673.7478
## 332 1987 Congo Dem. Rep. 672.7748
## 333 1992 Congo Dem. Rep. 457.7192
## 334 1997 Congo Dem. Rep. 312.1884
## 335 2002 Congo Dem. Rep. 241.1659
## 336 2007 Congo Dem. Rep. 277.5519
## 337 1952 Congo Rep. 2125.6214
## 338 1957 Congo Rep. 2315.0566
## 339 1962 Congo Rep. 2464.7832
## 340 1967 Congo Rep. 2677.9396
## 341 1972 Congo Rep. 3213.1527
## 342 1977 Congo Rep. 3259.1790
## 343 1982 Congo Rep. 4879.5075
## 344 1987 Congo Rep. 4201.1949
## 345 1992 Congo Rep. 4016.2395
## 346 1997 Congo Rep. 3484.1644
## 347 2002 Congo Rep. 3484.0620
## 348 2007 Congo Rep. 3632.5578
## 349 1952 Costa Rica 2627.0095
## 350 1957 Costa Rica 2990.0108
## 351 1962 Costa Rica 3460.9370
## 352 1967 Costa Rica 4161.7278
## 353 1972 Costa Rica 5118.1469
## 354 1977 Costa Rica 5926.8770
## 355 1982 Costa Rica 5262.7348
## 356 1987 Costa Rica 5629.9153
## 357 1992 Costa Rica 6160.4163
## 358 1997 Costa Rica 6677.0453
## 359 2002 Costa Rica 7723.4472
## 360 2007 Costa Rica 9645.0614
## 361 1952 Cote d'Ivoire 1388.5947
## 362 1957 Cote d'Ivoire 1500.8959
## 363 1962 Cote d'Ivoire 1728.8694
## 364 1967 Cote d'Ivoire 2052.0505
## 365 1972 Cote d'Ivoire 2378.2011
## 366 1977 Cote d'Ivoire 2517.7365
## 367 1982 Cote d'Ivoire 2602.7102
## 368 1987 Cote d'Ivoire 2156.9561
## 369 1992 Cote d'Ivoire 1648.0738
## 370 1997 Cote d'Ivoire 1786.2654
## 371 2002 Cote d'Ivoire 1648.8008
## 372 2007 Cote d'Ivoire 1544.7501
## 373 1952 Croatia 3119.2365
## 374 1957 Croatia 4338.2316
## 375 1962 Croatia 5477.8900
## 376 1967 Croatia 6960.2979
## 377 1972 Croatia 9164.0901
## 378 1977 Croatia 11305.3852
## 379 1982 Croatia 13221.8218
## 380 1987 Croatia 13822.5839
## 381 1992 Croatia 8447.7949
## 382 1997 Croatia 9875.6045
## 383 2002 Croatia 11628.3890
## 384 2007 Croatia 14619.2227
## 385 1952 Cuba 5586.5388
## 386 1957 Cuba 6092.1744
## 387 1962 Cuba 5180.7559
## 388 1967 Cuba 5690.2680
## 389 1972 Cuba 5305.4453
## 390 1977 Cuba 6380.4950
## 391 1982 Cuba 7316.9181
## 392 1987 Cuba 7532.9248
## 393 1992 Cuba 5592.8440
## 394 1997 Cuba 5431.9904
## 395 2002 Cuba 6340.6467
## 396 2007 Cuba 8948.1029
## 397 1952 Czech Republic 6876.1403
## 398 1957 Czech Republic 8256.3439
## 399 1962 Czech Republic 10136.8671
## 400 1967 Czech Republic 11399.4449
## 401 1972 Czech Republic 13108.4536
## 402 1977 Czech Republic 14800.1606
## 403 1982 Czech Republic 15377.2285
## 404 1987 Czech Republic 16310.4434
## 405 1992 Czech Republic 14297.0212
## 406 1997 Czech Republic 16048.5142
## 407 2002 Czech Republic 17596.2102
## 408 2007 Czech Republic 22833.3085
## 409 1952 Denmark 9692.3852
## 410 1957 Denmark 11099.6593
## 411 1962 Denmark 13583.3135
## 412 1967 Denmark 15937.2112
## 413 1972 Denmark 18866.2072
## 414 1977 Denmark 20422.9015
## 415 1982 Denmark 21688.0405
## 416 1987 Denmark 25116.1758
## 417 1992 Denmark 26406.7399
## 418 1997 Denmark 29804.3457
## 419 2002 Denmark 32166.5001
## 420 2007 Denmark 35278.4187
## 421 1952 Djibouti 2669.5295
## 422 1957 Djibouti 2864.9691
## 423 1962 Djibouti 3020.9893
## 424 1967 Djibouti 3020.0505
## 425 1972 Djibouti 3694.2124
## 426 1977 Djibouti 3081.7610
## 427 1982 Djibouti 2879.4681
## 428 1987 Djibouti 2880.1026
## 429 1992 Djibouti 2377.1562
## 430 1997 Djibouti 1895.0170
## 431 2002 Djibouti 1908.2609
## 432 2007 Djibouti 2082.4816
## 433 1952 Dominican Republic 1397.7171
## 434 1957 Dominican Republic 1544.4030
## 435 1962 Dominican Republic 1662.1374
## 436 1967 Dominican Republic 1653.7230
## 437 1972 Dominican Republic 2189.8745
## 438 1977 Dominican Republic 2681.9889
## 439 1982 Dominican Republic 2861.0924
## 440 1987 Dominican Republic 2899.8422
## 441 1992 Dominican Republic 3044.2142
## 442 1997 Dominican Republic 3614.1013
## 443 2002 Dominican Republic 4563.8082
## 444 2007 Dominican Republic 6025.3748
## 445 1952 Ecuador 3522.1107
## 446 1957 Ecuador 3780.5467
## 447 1962 Ecuador 4086.1141
## 448 1967 Ecuador 4579.0742
## 449 1972 Ecuador 5280.9947
## 450 1977 Ecuador 6679.6233
## 451 1982 Ecuador 7213.7913
## 452 1987 Ecuador 6481.7770
## 453 1992 Ecuador 7103.7026
## 454 1997 Ecuador 7429.4559
## 455 2002 Ecuador 5773.0445
## 456 2007 Ecuador 6873.2623
## 457 1952 Egypt 1418.8224
## 458 1957 Egypt 1458.9153
## 459 1962 Egypt 1693.3359
## 460 1967 Egypt 1814.8807
## 461 1972 Egypt 2024.0081
## 462 1977 Egypt 2785.4936
## 463 1982 Egypt 3503.7296
## 464 1987 Egypt 3885.4607
## 465 1992 Egypt 3794.7552
## 466 1997 Egypt 4173.1818
## 467 2002 Egypt 4754.6044
## 468 2007 Egypt 5581.1810
## 469 1952 El Salvador 3048.3029
## 470 1957 El Salvador 3421.5232
## 471 1962 El Salvador 3776.8036
## 472 1967 El Salvador 4358.5954
## 473 1972 El Salvador 4520.2460
## 474 1977 El Salvador 5138.9224
## 475 1982 El Salvador 4098.3442
## 476 1987 El Salvador 4140.4421
## 477 1992 El Salvador 4444.2317
## 478 1997 El Salvador 5154.8255
## 479 2002 El Salvador 5351.5687
## 480 2007 El Salvador 5728.3535
## 481 1952 Equatorial Guinea 375.6431
## 482 1957 Equatorial Guinea 426.0964
## 483 1962 Equatorial Guinea 582.8420
## 484 1967 Equatorial Guinea 915.5960
## 485 1972 Equatorial Guinea 672.4123
## 486 1977 Equatorial Guinea 958.5668
## 487 1982 Equatorial Guinea 927.8253
## 488 1987 Equatorial Guinea 966.8968
## 489 1992 Equatorial Guinea 1132.0550
## 490 1997 Equatorial Guinea 2814.4808
## 491 2002 Equatorial Guinea 7703.4959
## 492 2007 Equatorial Guinea 12154.0897
## 493 1952 Eritrea 328.9406
## 494 1957 Eritrea 344.1619
## 495 1962 Eritrea 380.9958
## 496 1967 Eritrea 468.7950
## 497 1972 Eritrea 514.3242
## 498 1977 Eritrea 505.7538
## 499 1982 Eritrea 524.8758
## 500 1987 Eritrea 521.1341
## 501 1992 Eritrea 582.8585
## 502 1997 Eritrea 913.4708
## 503 2002 Eritrea 765.3500
## 504 2007 Eritrea 641.3695
## 505 1952 Ethiopia 362.1463
## 506 1957 Ethiopia 378.9042
## 507 1962 Ethiopia 419.4564
## 508 1967 Ethiopia 516.1186
## 509 1972 Ethiopia 566.2439
## 510 1977 Ethiopia 556.8084
## 511 1982 Ethiopia 577.8607
## 512 1987 Ethiopia 573.7413
## 513 1992 Ethiopia 421.3535
## 514 1997 Ethiopia 515.8894
## 515 2002 Ethiopia 530.0535
## 516 2007 Ethiopia 690.8056
## 517 1952 Finland 6424.5191
## 518 1957 Finland 7545.4154
## 519 1962 Finland 9371.8426
## 520 1967 Finland 10921.6363
## 521 1972 Finland 14358.8759
## 522 1977 Finland 15605.4228
## 523 1982 Finland 18533.1576
## 524 1987 Finland 21141.0122
## 525 1992 Finland 20647.1650
## 526 1997 Finland 23723.9502
## 527 2002 Finland 28204.5906
## 528 2007 Finland 33207.0844
## 529 1952 France 7029.8093
## 530 1957 France 8662.8349
## 531 1962 France 10560.4855
## 532 1967 France 12999.9177
## 533 1972 France 16107.1917
## 534 1977 France 18292.6351
## 535 1982 France 20293.8975
## 536 1987 France 22066.4421
## 537 1992 France 24703.7961
## 538 1997 France 25889.7849
## 539 2002 France 28926.0323
## 540 2007 France 30470.0167
## 541 1952 Gabon 4293.4765
## 542 1957 Gabon 4976.1981
## 543 1962 Gabon 6631.4592
## 544 1967 Gabon 8358.7620
## 545 1972 Gabon 11401.9484
## 546 1977 Gabon 21745.5733
## 547 1982 Gabon 15113.3619
## 548 1987 Gabon 11864.4084
## 549 1992 Gabon 13522.1575
## 550 1997 Gabon 14722.8419
## 551 2002 Gabon 12521.7139
## 552 2007 Gabon 13206.4845
## 553 1952 Gambia 485.2307
## 554 1957 Gambia 520.9267
## 555 1962 Gambia 599.6503
## 556 1967 Gambia 734.7829
## 557 1972 Gambia 756.0868
## 558 1977 Gambia 884.7553
## 559 1982 Gambia 835.8096
## 560 1987 Gambia 611.6589
## 561 1992 Gambia 665.6244
## 562 1997 Gambia 653.7302
## 563 2002 Gambia 660.5856
## 564 2007 Gambia 752.7497
## 565 1952 Germany 7144.1144
## 566 1957 Germany 10187.8267
## 567 1962 Germany 12902.4629
## 568 1967 Germany 14745.6256
## 569 1972 Germany 18016.1803
## 570 1977 Germany 20512.9212
## 571 1982 Germany 22031.5327
## 572 1987 Germany 24639.1857
## 573 1992 Germany 26505.3032
## 574 1997 Germany 27788.8842
## 575 2002 Germany 30035.8020
## 576 2007 Germany 32170.3744
## 577 1952 Ghana 911.2989
## 578 1957 Ghana 1043.5615
## 579 1962 Ghana 1190.0411
## 580 1967 Ghana 1125.6972
## 581 1972 Ghana 1178.2237
## 582 1977 Ghana 993.2240
## 583 1982 Ghana 876.0326
## 584 1987 Ghana 847.0061
## 585 1992 Ghana 925.0602
## 586 1997 Ghana 1005.2458
## 587 2002 Ghana 1111.9846
## 588 2007 Ghana 1327.6089
## 589 1952 Greece 3530.6901
## 590 1957 Greece 4916.2999
## 591 1962 Greece 6017.1907
## 592 1967 Greece 8513.0970
## 593 1972 Greece 12724.8296
## 594 1977 Greece 14195.5243
## 595 1982 Greece 15268.4209
## 596 1987 Greece 16120.5284
## 597 1992 Greece 17541.4963
## 598 1997 Greece 18747.6981
## 599 2002 Greece 22514.2548
## 600 2007 Greece 27538.4119
## 601 1952 Guatemala 2428.2378
## 602 1957 Guatemala 2617.1560
## 603 1962 Guatemala 2750.3644
## 604 1967 Guatemala 3242.5311
## 605 1972 Guatemala 4031.4083
## 606 1977 Guatemala 4879.9927
## 607 1982 Guatemala 4820.4948
## 608 1987 Guatemala 4246.4860
## 609 1992 Guatemala 4439.4508
## 610 1997 Guatemala 4684.3138
## 611 2002 Guatemala 4858.3475
## 612 2007 Guatemala 5186.0500
## 613 1952 Guinea 510.1965
## 614 1957 Guinea 576.2670
## 615 1962 Guinea 686.3737
## 616 1967 Guinea 708.7595
## 617 1972 Guinea 741.6662
## 618 1977 Guinea 874.6859
## 619 1982 Guinea 857.2504
## 620 1987 Guinea 805.5725
## 621 1992 Guinea 794.3484
## 622 1997 Guinea 869.4498
## 623 2002 Guinea 945.5836
## 624 2007 Guinea 942.6542
## 625 1952 Guinea-Bissau 299.8503
## 626 1957 Guinea-Bissau 431.7905
## 627 1962 Guinea-Bissau 522.0344
## 628 1967 Guinea-Bissau 715.5806
## 629 1972 Guinea-Bissau 820.2246
## 630 1977 Guinea-Bissau 764.7260
## 631 1982 Guinea-Bissau 838.1240
## 632 1987 Guinea-Bissau 736.4154
## 633 1992 Guinea-Bissau 745.5399
## 634 1997 Guinea-Bissau 796.6645
## 635 2002 Guinea-Bissau 575.7047
## 636 2007 Guinea-Bissau 579.2317
## 637 1952 Haiti 1840.3669
## 638 1957 Haiti 1726.8879
## 639 1962 Haiti 1796.5890
## 640 1967 Haiti 1452.0577
## 641 1972 Haiti 1654.4569
## 642 1977 Haiti 1874.2989
## 643 1982 Haiti 2011.1595
## 644 1987 Haiti 1823.0160
## 645 1992 Haiti 1456.3095
## 646 1997 Haiti 1341.7269
## 647 2002 Haiti 1270.3649
## 648 2007 Haiti 1201.6372
## 649 1952 Honduras 2194.9262
## 650 1957 Honduras 2220.4877
## 651 1962 Honduras 2291.1568
## 652 1967 Honduras 2538.2694
## 653 1972 Honduras 2529.8423
## 654 1977 Honduras 3203.2081
## 655 1982 Honduras 3121.7608
## 656 1987 Honduras 3023.0967
## 657 1992 Honduras 3081.6946
## 658 1997 Honduras 3160.4549
## 659 2002 Honduras 3099.7287
## 660 2007 Honduras 3548.3308
## 661 1952 Hong Kong China 3054.4212
## 662 1957 Hong Kong China 3629.0765
## 663 1962 Hong Kong China 4692.6483
## 664 1967 Hong Kong China 6197.9628
## 665 1972 Hong Kong China 8315.9281
## 666 1977 Hong Kong China 11186.1413
## 667 1982 Hong Kong China 14560.5305
## 668 1987 Hong Kong China 20038.4727
## 669 1992 Hong Kong China 24757.6030
## 670 1997 Hong Kong China 28377.6322
## 671 2002 Hong Kong China 30209.0152
## 672 2007 Hong Kong China 39724.9787
## 673 1952 Hungary 5263.6738
## 674 1957 Hungary 6040.1800
## 675 1962 Hungary 7550.3599
## 676 1967 Hungary 9326.6447
## 677 1972 Hungary 10168.6561
## 678 1977 Hungary 11674.8374
## 679 1982 Hungary 12545.9907
## 680 1987 Hungary 12986.4800
## 681 1992 Hungary 10535.6285
## 682 1997 Hungary 11712.7768
## 683 2002 Hungary 14843.9356
## 684 2007 Hungary 18008.9444
## 685 1952 Iceland 7267.6884
## 686 1957 Iceland 9244.0014
## 687 1962 Iceland 10350.1591
## 688 1967 Iceland 13319.8957
## 689 1972 Iceland 15798.0636
## 690 1977 Iceland 19654.9625
## 691 1982 Iceland 23269.6075
## 692 1987 Iceland 26923.2063
## 693 1992 Iceland 25144.3920
## 694 1997 Iceland 28061.0997
## 695 2002 Iceland 31163.2020
## 696 2007 Iceland 36180.7892
## 697 1952 India 546.5657
## 698 1957 India 590.0620
## 699 1962 India 658.3472
## 700 1967 India 700.7706
## 701 1972 India 724.0325
## 702 1977 India 813.3373
## 703 1982 India 855.7235
## 704 1987 India 976.5127
## 705 1992 India 1164.4068
## 706 1997 India 1458.8174
## 707 2002 India 1746.7695
## 708 2007 India 2452.2104
## 709 1952 Indonesia 749.6817
## 710 1957 Indonesia 858.9003
## 711 1962 Indonesia 849.2898
## 712 1967 Indonesia 762.4318
## 713 1972 Indonesia 1111.1079
## 714 1977 Indonesia 1382.7021
## 715 1982 Indonesia 1516.8730
## 716 1987 Indonesia 1748.3570
## 717 1992 Indonesia 2383.1409
## 718 1997 Indonesia 3119.3356
## 719 2002 Indonesia 2873.9129
## 720 2007 Indonesia 3540.6516
## 721 1952 Iran 3035.3260
## 722 1957 Iran 3290.2576
## 723 1962 Iran 4187.3298
## 724 1967 Iran 5906.7318
## 725 1972 Iran 9613.8186
## 726 1977 Iran 11888.5951
## 727 1982 Iran 7608.3346
## 728 1987 Iran 6642.8814
## 729 1992 Iran 7235.6532
## 730 1997 Iran 8263.5903
## 731 2002 Iran 9240.7620
## 732 2007 Iran 11605.7145
## 733 1952 Iraq 4129.7661
## 734 1957 Iraq 6229.3336
## 735 1962 Iraq 8341.7378
## 736 1967 Iraq 8931.4598
## 737 1972 Iraq 9576.0376
## 738 1977 Iraq 14688.2351
## 739 1982 Iraq 14517.9071
## 740 1987 Iraq 11643.5727
## 741 1992 Iraq 3745.6407
## 742 1997 Iraq 3076.2398
## 743 2002 Iraq 4390.7173
## 744 2007 Iraq 4471.0619
## 745 1952 Ireland 5210.2803
## 746 1957 Ireland 5599.0779
## 747 1962 Ireland 6631.5973
## 748 1967 Ireland 7655.5690
## 749 1972 Ireland 9530.7729
## 750 1977 Ireland 11150.9811
## 751 1982 Ireland 12618.3214
## 752 1987 Ireland 13872.8665
## 753 1992 Ireland 17558.8155
## 754 1997 Ireland 24521.9471
## 755 2002 Ireland 34077.0494
## 756 2007 Ireland 40675.9964
## 757 1952 Israel 4086.5221
## 758 1957 Israel 5385.2785
## 759 1962 Israel 7105.6307
## 760 1967 Israel 8393.7414
## 761 1972 Israel 12786.9322
## 762 1977 Israel 13306.6192
## 763 1982 Israel 15367.0292
## 764 1987 Israel 17122.4799
## 765 1992 Israel 18051.5225
## 766 1997 Israel 20896.6092
## 767 2002 Israel 21905.5951
## 768 2007 Israel 25523.2771
## 769 1952 Italy 4931.4042
## 770 1957 Italy 6248.6562
## 771 1962 Italy 8243.5823
## 772 1967 Italy 10022.4013
## 773 1972 Italy 12269.2738
## 774 1977 Italy 14255.9847
## 775 1982 Italy 16537.4835
## 776 1987 Italy 19207.2348
## 777 1992 Italy 22013.6449
## 778 1997 Italy 24675.0245
## 779 2002 Italy 27968.0982
## 780 2007 Italy 28569.7197
## 781 1952 Jamaica 2898.5309
## 782 1957 Jamaica 4756.5258
## 783 1962 Jamaica 5246.1075
## 784 1967 Jamaica 6124.7035
## 785 1972 Jamaica 7433.8893
## 786 1977 Jamaica 6650.1956
## 787 1982 Jamaica 6068.0513
## 788 1987 Jamaica 6351.2375
## 789 1992 Jamaica 7404.9237
## 790 1997 Jamaica 7121.9247
## 791 2002 Jamaica 6994.7749
## 792 2007 Jamaica 7320.8803
## 793 1952 Japan 3216.9563
## 794 1957 Japan 4317.6944
## 795 1962 Japan 6576.6495
## 796 1967 Japan 9847.7886
## 797 1972 Japan 14778.7864
## 798 1977 Japan 16610.3770
## 799 1982 Japan 19384.1057
## 800 1987 Japan 22375.9419
## 801 1992 Japan 26824.8951
## 802 1997 Japan 28816.5850
## 803 2002 Japan 28604.5919
## 804 2007 Japan 31656.0681
## 805 1952 Jordan 1546.9078
## 806 1957 Jordan 1886.0806
## 807 1962 Jordan 2348.0092
## 808 1967 Jordan 2741.7963
## 809 1972 Jordan 2110.8563
## 810 1977 Jordan 2852.3516
## 811 1982 Jordan 4161.4160
## 812 1987 Jordan 4448.6799
## 813 1992 Jordan 3431.5936
## 814 1997 Jordan 3645.3796
## 815 2002 Jordan 3844.9172
## 816 2007 Jordan 4519.4612
## 817 1952 Kenya 853.5409
## 818 1957 Kenya 944.4383
## 819 1962 Kenya 896.9664
## 820 1967 Kenya 1056.7365
## 821 1972 Kenya 1222.3600
## 822 1977 Kenya 1267.6132
## 823 1982 Kenya 1348.2258
## 824 1987 Kenya 1361.9369
## 825 1992 Kenya 1341.9217
## 826 1997 Kenya 1360.4850
## 827 2002 Kenya 1287.5147
## 828 2007 Kenya 1463.2493
## 829 1952 Korea Dem. Rep. 1088.2778
## 830 1957 Korea Dem. Rep. 1571.1347
## 831 1962 Korea Dem. Rep. 1621.6936
## 832 1967 Korea Dem. Rep. 2143.5406
## 833 1972 Korea Dem. Rep. 3701.6215
## 834 1977 Korea Dem. Rep. 4106.3012
## 835 1982 Korea Dem. Rep. 4106.5253
## 836 1987 Korea Dem. Rep. 4106.4923
## 837 1992 Korea Dem. Rep. 3726.0635
## 838 1997 Korea Dem. Rep. 1690.7568
## 839 2002 Korea Dem. Rep. 1646.7582
## 840 2007 Korea Dem. Rep. 1593.0655
## 841 1952 Korea Rep. 1030.5922
## 842 1957 Korea Rep. 1487.5935
## 843 1962 Korea Rep. 1536.3444
## 844 1967 Korea Rep. 2029.2281
## 845 1972 Korea Rep. 3030.8767
## 846 1977 Korea Rep. 4657.2210
## 847 1982 Korea Rep. 5622.9425
## 848 1987 Korea Rep. 8533.0888
## 849 1992 Korea Rep. 12104.2787
## 850 1997 Korea Rep. 15993.5280
## 851 2002 Korea Rep. 19233.9882
## 852 2007 Korea Rep. 23348.1397
## 853 1952 Kuwait 108382.3529
## 854 1957 Kuwait 113523.1329
## 855 1962 Kuwait 95458.1118
## 856 1967 Kuwait 80894.8833
## 857 1972 Kuwait 109347.8670
## 858 1977 Kuwait 59265.4771
## 859 1982 Kuwait 31354.0357
## 860 1987 Kuwait 28118.4300
## 861 1992 Kuwait 34932.9196
## 862 1997 Kuwait 40300.6200
## 863 2002 Kuwait 35110.1057
## 864 2007 Kuwait 47306.9898
## 865 1952 Lebanon 4834.8041
## 866 1957 Lebanon 6089.7869
## 867 1962 Lebanon 5714.5606
## 868 1967 Lebanon 6006.9830
## 869 1972 Lebanon 7486.3843
## 870 1977 Lebanon 8659.6968
## 871 1982 Lebanon 7640.5195
## 872 1987 Lebanon 5377.0913
## 873 1992 Lebanon 6890.8069
## 874 1997 Lebanon 8754.9639
## 875 2002 Lebanon 9313.9388
## 876 2007 Lebanon 10461.0587
## 877 1952 Lesotho 298.8462
## 878 1957 Lesotho 335.9971
## 879 1962 Lesotho 411.8006
## 880 1967 Lesotho 498.6390
## 881 1972 Lesotho 496.5816
## 882 1977 Lesotho 745.3695
## 883 1982 Lesotho 797.2631
## 884 1987 Lesotho 773.9932
## 885 1992 Lesotho 977.4863
## 886 1997 Lesotho 1186.1480
## 887 2002 Lesotho 1275.1846
## 888 2007 Lesotho 1569.3314
## 889 1952 Liberia 575.5730
## 890 1957 Liberia 620.9700
## 891 1962 Liberia 634.1952
## 892 1967 Liberia 713.6036
## 893 1972 Liberia 803.0055
## 894 1977 Liberia 640.3224
## 895 1982 Liberia 572.1996
## 896 1987 Liberia 506.1139
## 897 1992 Liberia 636.6229
## 898 1997 Liberia 609.1740
## 899 2002 Liberia 531.4824
## 900 2007 Liberia 414.5073
## 901 1952 Libya 2387.5481
## 902 1957 Libya 3448.2844
## 903 1962 Libya 6757.0308
## 904 1967 Libya 18772.7517
## 905 1972 Libya 21011.4972
## 906 1977 Libya 21951.2118
## 907 1982 Libya 17364.2754
## 908 1987 Libya 11770.5898
## 909 1992 Libya 9640.1385
## 910 1997 Libya 9467.4461
## 911 2002 Libya 9534.6775
## 912 2007 Libya 12057.4993
## 913 1952 Madagascar 1443.0117
## 914 1957 Madagascar 1589.2027
## 915 1962 Madagascar 1643.3871
## 916 1967 Madagascar 1634.0473
## 917 1972 Madagascar 1748.5630
## 918 1977 Madagascar 1544.2286
## 919 1982 Madagascar 1302.8787
## 920 1987 Madagascar 1155.4419
## 921 1992 Madagascar 1040.6762
## 922 1997 Madagascar 986.2959
## 923 2002 Madagascar 894.6371
## 924 2007 Madagascar 1044.7701
## 925 1952 Malawi 369.1651
## 926 1957 Malawi 416.3698
## 927 1962 Malawi 427.9011
## 928 1967 Malawi 495.5148
## 929 1972 Malawi 584.6220
## 930 1977 Malawi 663.2237
## 931 1982 Malawi 632.8039
## 932 1987 Malawi 635.5174
## 933 1992 Malawi 563.2000
## 934 1997 Malawi 692.2758
## 935 2002 Malawi 665.4231
## 936 2007 Malawi 759.3499
## 937 1952 Malaysia 1831.1329
## 938 1957 Malaysia 1810.0670
## 939 1962 Malaysia 2036.8849
## 940 1967 Malaysia 2277.7424
## 941 1972 Malaysia 2849.0948
## 942 1977 Malaysia 3827.9216
## 943 1982 Malaysia 4920.3560
## 944 1987 Malaysia 5249.8027
## 945 1992 Malaysia 7277.9128
## 946 1997 Malaysia 10132.9096
## 947 2002 Malaysia 10206.9779
## 948 2007 Malaysia 12451.6558
## 949 1952 Mali 452.3370
## 950 1957 Mali 490.3822
## 951 1962 Mali 496.1743
## 952 1967 Mali 545.0099
## 953 1972 Mali 581.3689
## 954 1977 Mali 686.3953
## 955 1982 Mali 618.0141
## 956 1987 Mali 684.1716
## 957 1992 Mali 739.0144
## 958 1997 Mali 790.2580
## 959 2002 Mali 951.4098
## 960 2007 Mali 1042.5816
## 961 1952 Mauritania 743.1159
## 962 1957 Mauritania 846.1203
## 963 1962 Mauritania 1055.8960
## 964 1967 Mauritania 1421.1452
## 965 1972 Mauritania 1586.8518
## 966 1977 Mauritania 1497.4922
## 967 1982 Mauritania 1481.1502
## 968 1987 Mauritania 1421.6036
## 969 1992 Mauritania 1361.3698
## 970 1997 Mauritania 1483.1361
## 971 2002 Mauritania 1579.0195
## 972 2007 Mauritania 1803.1515
## 973 1952 Mauritius 1967.9557
## 974 1957 Mauritius 2034.0380
## 975 1962 Mauritius 2529.0675
## 976 1967 Mauritius 2475.3876
## 977 1972 Mauritius 2575.4842
## 978 1977 Mauritius 3710.9830
## 979 1982 Mauritius 3688.0377
## 980 1987 Mauritius 4783.5869
## 981 1992 Mauritius 6058.2538
## 982 1997 Mauritius 7425.7053
## 983 2002 Mauritius 9021.8159
## 984 2007 Mauritius 10956.9911
## 985 1952 Mexico 3478.1255
## 986 1957 Mexico 4131.5466
## 987 1962 Mexico 4581.6094
## 988 1967 Mexico 5754.7339
## 989 1972 Mexico 6809.4067
## 990 1977 Mexico 7674.9291
## 991 1982 Mexico 9611.1475
## 992 1987 Mexico 8688.1560
## 993 1992 Mexico 9472.3843
## 994 1997 Mexico 9767.2975
## 995 2002 Mexico 10742.4405
## 996 2007 Mexico 11977.5750
## 997 1952 Mongolia 786.5669
## 998 1957 Mongolia 912.6626
## 999 1962 Mongolia 1056.3540
## 1000 1967 Mongolia 1226.0411
## 1001 1972 Mongolia 1421.7420
## 1002 1977 Mongolia 1647.5117
## 1003 1982 Mongolia 2000.6031
## 1004 1987 Mongolia 2338.0083
## 1005 1992 Mongolia 1785.4020
## 1006 1997 Mongolia 1902.2521
## 1007 2002 Mongolia 2140.7393
## 1008 2007 Mongolia 3095.7723
## 1009 1952 Montenegro 2647.5856
## 1010 1957 Montenegro 3682.2599
## 1011 1962 Montenegro 4649.5938
## 1012 1967 Montenegro 5907.8509
## 1013 1972 Montenegro 7778.4140
## 1014 1977 Montenegro 9595.9299
## 1015 1982 Montenegro 11222.5876
## 1016 1987 Montenegro 11732.5102
## 1017 1992 Montenegro 7003.3390
## 1018 1997 Montenegro 6465.6133
## 1019 2002 Montenegro 6557.1943
## 1020 2007 Montenegro 9253.8961
## 1021 1952 Morocco 1688.2036
## 1022 1957 Morocco 1642.0023
## 1023 1962 Morocco 1566.3535
## 1024 1967 Morocco 1711.0448
## 1025 1972 Morocco 1930.1950
## 1026 1977 Morocco 2370.6200
## 1027 1982 Morocco 2702.6204
## 1028 1987 Morocco 2755.0470
## 1029 1992 Morocco 2948.0473
## 1030 1997 Morocco 2982.1019
## 1031 2002 Morocco 3258.4956
## 1032 2007 Morocco 3820.1752
## 1033 1952 Mozambique 468.5260
## 1034 1957 Mozambique 495.5868
## 1035 1962 Mozambique 556.6864
## 1036 1967 Mozambique 566.6692
## 1037 1972 Mozambique 724.9178
## 1038 1977 Mozambique 502.3197
## 1039 1982 Mozambique 462.2114
## 1040 1987 Mozambique 389.8762
## 1041 1992 Mozambique 410.8968
## 1042 1997 Mozambique 472.3461
## 1043 2002 Mozambique 633.6179
## 1044 2007 Mozambique 823.6856
## 1045 1952 Myanmar 331.0000
## 1046 1957 Myanmar 350.0000
## 1047 1962 Myanmar 388.0000
## 1048 1967 Myanmar 349.0000
## 1049 1972 Myanmar 357.0000
## 1050 1977 Myanmar 371.0000
## 1051 1982 Myanmar 424.0000
## 1052 1987 Myanmar 385.0000
## 1053 1992 Myanmar 347.0000
## 1054 1997 Myanmar 415.0000
## 1055 2002 Myanmar 611.0000
## 1056 2007 Myanmar 944.0000
## 1057 1952 Namibia 2423.7804
## 1058 1957 Namibia 2621.4481
## 1059 1962 Namibia 3173.2156
## 1060 1967 Namibia 3793.6948
## 1061 1972 Namibia 3746.0809
## 1062 1977 Namibia 3876.4860
## 1063 1982 Namibia 4191.1005
## 1064 1987 Namibia 3693.7313
## 1065 1992 Namibia 3804.5380
## 1066 1997 Namibia 3899.5243
## 1067 2002 Namibia 4072.3248
## 1068 2007 Namibia 4811.0604
## 1069 1952 Nepal 545.8657
## 1070 1957 Nepal 597.9364
## 1071 1962 Nepal 652.3969
## 1072 1967 Nepal 676.4422
## 1073 1972 Nepal 674.7881
## 1074 1977 Nepal 694.1124
## 1075 1982 Nepal 718.3731
## 1076 1987 Nepal 775.6325
## 1077 1992 Nepal 897.7404
## 1078 1997 Nepal 1010.8921
## 1079 2002 Nepal 1057.2063
## 1080 2007 Nepal 1091.3598
## 1081 1952 Netherlands 8941.5719
## 1082 1957 Netherlands 11276.1934
## 1083 1962 Netherlands 12790.8496
## 1084 1967 Netherlands 15363.2514
## 1085 1972 Netherlands 18794.7457
## 1086 1977 Netherlands 21209.0592
## 1087 1982 Netherlands 21399.4605
## 1088 1987 Netherlands 23651.3236
## 1089 1992 Netherlands 26790.9496
## 1090 1997 Netherlands 30246.1306
## 1091 2002 Netherlands 33724.7578
## 1092 2007 Netherlands 36797.9333
## 1093 1952 New Zealand 10556.5757
## 1094 1957 New Zealand 12247.3953
## 1095 1962 New Zealand 13175.6780
## 1096 1967 New Zealand 14463.9189
## 1097 1972 New Zealand 16046.0373
## 1098 1977 New Zealand 16233.7177
## 1099 1982 New Zealand 17632.4104
## 1100 1987 New Zealand 19007.1913
## 1101 1992 New Zealand 18363.3249
## 1102 1997 New Zealand 21050.4138
## 1103 2002 New Zealand 23189.8014
## 1104 2007 New Zealand 25185.0091
## 1105 1952 Nicaragua 3112.3639
## 1106 1957 Nicaragua 3457.4159
## 1107 1962 Nicaragua 3634.3644
## 1108 1967 Nicaragua 4643.3935
## 1109 1972 Nicaragua 4688.5933
## 1110 1977 Nicaragua 5486.3711
## 1111 1982 Nicaragua 3470.3382
## 1112 1987 Nicaragua 2955.9844
## 1113 1992 Nicaragua 2170.1517
## 1114 1997 Nicaragua 2253.0230
## 1115 2002 Nicaragua 2474.5488
## 1116 2007 Nicaragua 2749.3210
## 1117 1952 Niger 761.8794
## 1118 1957 Niger 835.5234
## 1119 1962 Niger 997.7661
## 1120 1967 Niger 1054.3849
## 1121 1972 Niger 954.2092
## 1122 1977 Niger 808.8971
## 1123 1982 Niger 909.7221
## 1124 1987 Niger 668.3000
## 1125 1992 Niger 581.1827
## 1126 1997 Niger 580.3052
## 1127 2002 Niger 601.0745
## 1128 2007 Niger 619.6769
## 1129 1952 Nigeria 1077.2819
## 1130 1957 Nigeria 1100.5926
## 1131 1962 Nigeria 1150.9275
## 1132 1967 Nigeria 1014.5141
## 1133 1972 Nigeria 1698.3888
## 1134 1977 Nigeria 1981.9518
## 1135 1982 Nigeria 1576.9738
## 1136 1987 Nigeria 1385.0296
## 1137 1992 Nigeria 1619.8482
## 1138 1997 Nigeria 1624.9413
## 1139 2002 Nigeria 1615.2864
## 1140 2007 Nigeria 2013.9773
## 1141 1952 Norway 10095.4217
## 1142 1957 Norway 11653.9730
## 1143 1962 Norway 13450.4015
## 1144 1967 Norway 16361.8765
## 1145 1972 Norway 18965.0555
## 1146 1977 Norway 23311.3494
## 1147 1982 Norway 26298.6353
## 1148 1987 Norway 31540.9748
## 1149 1992 Norway 33965.6611
## 1150 1997 Norway 41283.1643
## 1151 2002 Norway 44683.9753
## 1152 2007 Norway 49357.1902
## 1153 1952 Oman 1828.2303
## 1154 1957 Oman 2242.7466
## 1155 1962 Oman 2924.6381
## 1156 1967 Oman 4720.9427
## 1157 1972 Oman 10618.0385
## 1158 1977 Oman 11848.3439
## 1159 1982 Oman 12954.7910
## 1160 1987 Oman 18115.2231
## 1161 1992 Oman 18616.7069
## 1162 1997 Oman 19702.0558
## 1163 2002 Oman 19774.8369
## 1164 2007 Oman 22316.1929
## 1165 1952 Pakistan 684.5971
## 1166 1957 Pakistan 747.0835
## 1167 1962 Pakistan 803.3427
## 1168 1967 Pakistan 942.4083
## 1169 1972 Pakistan 1049.9390
## 1170 1977 Pakistan 1175.9212
## 1171 1982 Pakistan 1443.4298
## 1172 1987 Pakistan 1704.6866
## 1173 1992 Pakistan 1971.8295
## 1174 1997 Pakistan 2049.3505
## 1175 2002 Pakistan 2092.7124
## 1176 2007 Pakistan 2605.9476
## 1177 1952 Panama 2480.3803
## 1178 1957 Panama 2961.8009
## 1179 1962 Panama 3536.5403
## 1180 1967 Panama 4421.0091
## 1181 1972 Panama 5364.2497
## 1182 1977 Panama 5351.9121
## 1183 1982 Panama 7009.6016
## 1184 1987 Panama 7034.7792
## 1185 1992 Panama 6618.7431
## 1186 1997 Panama 7113.6923
## 1187 2002 Panama 7356.0319
## 1188 2007 Panama 9809.1856
## 1189 1952 Paraguay 1952.3087
## 1190 1957 Paraguay 2046.1547
## 1191 1962 Paraguay 2148.0271
## 1192 1967 Paraguay 2299.3763
## 1193 1972 Paraguay 2523.3380
## 1194 1977 Paraguay 3248.3733
## 1195 1982 Paraguay 4258.5036
## 1196 1987 Paraguay 3998.8757
## 1197 1992 Paraguay 4196.4111
## 1198 1997 Paraguay 4247.4003
## 1199 2002 Paraguay 3783.6742
## 1200 2007 Paraguay 4172.8385
## 1201 1952 Peru 3758.5234
## 1202 1957 Peru 4245.2567
## 1203 1962 Peru 4957.0380
## 1204 1967 Peru 5788.0933
## 1205 1972 Peru 5937.8273
## 1206 1977 Peru 6281.2909
## 1207 1982 Peru 6434.5018
## 1208 1987 Peru 6360.9434
## 1209 1992 Peru 4446.3809
## 1210 1997 Peru 5838.3477
## 1211 2002 Peru 5909.0201
## 1212 2007 Peru 7408.9056
## 1213 1952 Philippines 1272.8810
## 1214 1957 Philippines 1547.9448
## 1215 1962 Philippines 1649.5522
## 1216 1967 Philippines 1814.1274
## 1217 1972 Philippines 1989.3741
## 1218 1977 Philippines 2373.2043
## 1219 1982 Philippines 2603.2738
## 1220 1987 Philippines 2189.6350
## 1221 1992 Philippines 2279.3240
## 1222 1997 Philippines 2536.5349
## 1223 2002 Philippines 2650.9211
## 1224 2007 Philippines 3190.4810
## 1225 1952 Poland 4029.3297
## 1226 1957 Poland 4734.2530
## 1227 1962 Poland 5338.7521
## 1228 1967 Poland 6557.1528
## 1229 1972 Poland 8006.5070
## 1230 1977 Poland 9508.1415
## 1231 1982 Poland 8451.5310
## 1232 1987 Poland 9082.3512
## 1233 1992 Poland 7738.8812
## 1234 1997 Poland 10159.5837
## 1235 2002 Poland 12002.2391
## 1236 2007 Poland 15389.9247
## 1237 1952 Portugal 3068.3199
## 1238 1957 Portugal 3774.5717
## 1239 1962 Portugal 4727.9549
## 1240 1967 Portugal 6361.5180
## 1241 1972 Portugal 9022.2474
## 1242 1977 Portugal 10172.4857
## 1243 1982 Portugal 11753.8429
## 1244 1987 Portugal 13039.3088
## 1245 1992 Portugal 16207.2666
## 1246 1997 Portugal 17641.0316
## 1247 2002 Portugal 19970.9079
## 1248 2007 Portugal 20509.6478
## 1249 1952 Puerto Rico 3081.9598
## 1250 1957 Puerto Rico 3907.1562
## 1251 1962 Puerto Rico 5108.3446
## 1252 1967 Puerto Rico 6929.2777
## 1253 1972 Puerto Rico 9123.0417
## 1254 1977 Puerto Rico 9770.5249
## 1255 1982 Puerto Rico 10330.9891
## 1256 1987 Puerto Rico 12281.3419
## 1257 1992 Puerto Rico 14641.5871
## 1258 1997 Puerto Rico 16999.4333
## 1259 2002 Puerto Rico 18855.6062
## 1260 2007 Puerto Rico 19328.7090
## 1261 1952 Reunion 2718.8853
## 1262 1957 Reunion 2769.4518
## 1263 1962 Reunion 3173.7233
## 1264 1967 Reunion 4021.1757
## 1265 1972 Reunion 5047.6586
## 1266 1977 Reunion 4319.8041
## 1267 1982 Reunion 5267.2194
## 1268 1987 Reunion 5303.3775
## 1269 1992 Reunion 6101.2558
## 1270 1997 Reunion 6071.9414
## 1271 2002 Reunion 6316.1652
## 1272 2007 Reunion 7670.1226
## 1273 1952 Romania 3144.6132
## 1274 1957 Romania 3943.3702
## 1275 1962 Romania 4734.9976
## 1276 1967 Romania 6470.8665
## 1277 1972 Romania 8011.4144
## 1278 1977 Romania 9356.3972
## 1279 1982 Romania 9605.3141
## 1280 1987 Romania 9696.2733
## 1281 1992 Romania 6598.4099
## 1282 1997 Romania 7346.5476
## 1283 2002 Romania 7885.3601
## 1284 2007 Romania 10808.4756
## 1285 1952 Rwanda 493.3239
## 1286 1957 Rwanda 540.2894
## 1287 1962 Rwanda 597.4731
## 1288 1967 Rwanda 510.9637
## 1289 1972 Rwanda 590.5807
## 1290 1977 Rwanda 670.0806
## 1291 1982 Rwanda 881.5706
## 1292 1987 Rwanda 847.9912
## 1293 1992 Rwanda 737.0686
## 1294 1997 Rwanda 589.9445
## 1295 2002 Rwanda 785.6538
## 1296 2007 Rwanda 863.0885
## 1297 1952 Sao Tome and Principe 879.5836
## 1298 1957 Sao Tome and Principe 860.7369
## 1299 1962 Sao Tome and Principe 1071.5511
## 1300 1967 Sao Tome and Principe 1384.8406
## 1301 1972 Sao Tome and Principe 1532.9853
## 1302 1977 Sao Tome and Principe 1737.5617
## 1303 1982 Sao Tome and Principe 1890.2181
## 1304 1987 Sao Tome and Principe 1516.5255
## 1305 1992 Sao Tome and Principe 1428.7778
## 1306 1997 Sao Tome and Principe 1339.0760
## 1307 2002 Sao Tome and Principe 1353.0924
## 1308 2007 Sao Tome and Principe 1598.4351
## 1309 1952 Saudi Arabia 6459.5548
## 1310 1957 Saudi Arabia 8157.5912
## 1311 1962 Saudi Arabia 11626.4197
## 1312 1967 Saudi Arabia 16903.0489
## 1313 1972 Saudi Arabia 24837.4287
## 1314 1977 Saudi Arabia 34167.7626
## 1315 1982 Saudi Arabia 33693.1753
## 1316 1987 Saudi Arabia 21198.2614
## 1317 1992 Saudi Arabia 24841.6178
## 1318 1997 Saudi Arabia 20586.6902
## 1319 2002 Saudi Arabia 19014.5412
## 1320 2007 Saudi Arabia 21654.8319
## 1321 1952 Senegal 1450.3570
## 1322 1957 Senegal 1567.6530
## 1323 1962 Senegal 1654.9887
## 1324 1967 Senegal 1612.4046
## 1325 1972 Senegal 1597.7121
## 1326 1977 Senegal 1561.7691
## 1327 1982 Senegal 1518.4800
## 1328 1987 Senegal 1441.7207
## 1329 1992 Senegal 1367.8994
## 1330 1997 Senegal 1392.3683
## 1331 2002 Senegal 1519.6353
## 1332 2007 Senegal 1712.4721
## 1333 1952 Serbia 3581.4594
## 1334 1957 Serbia 4981.0909
## 1335 1962 Serbia 6289.6292
## 1336 1967 Serbia 7991.7071
## 1337 1972 Serbia 10522.0675
## 1338 1977 Serbia 12980.6696
## 1339 1982 Serbia 15181.0927
## 1340 1987 Serbia 15870.8785
## 1341 1992 Serbia 9325.0682
## 1342 1997 Serbia 7914.3203
## 1343 2002 Serbia 7236.0753
## 1344 2007 Serbia 9786.5347
## 1345 1952 Sierra Leone 879.7877
## 1346 1957 Sierra Leone 1004.4844
## 1347 1962 Sierra Leone 1116.6399
## 1348 1967 Sierra Leone 1206.0435
## 1349 1972 Sierra Leone 1353.7598
## 1350 1977 Sierra Leone 1348.2852
## 1351 1982 Sierra Leone 1465.0108
## 1352 1987 Sierra Leone 1294.4478
## 1353 1992 Sierra Leone 1068.6963
## 1354 1997 Sierra Leone 574.6482
## 1355 2002 Sierra Leone 699.4897
## 1356 2007 Sierra Leone 862.5408
## 1357 1952 Singapore 2315.1382
## 1358 1957 Singapore 2843.1044
## 1359 1962 Singapore 3674.7356
## 1360 1967 Singapore 4977.4185
## 1361 1972 Singapore 8597.7562
## 1362 1977 Singapore 11210.0895
## 1363 1982 Singapore 15169.1611
## 1364 1987 Singapore 18861.5308
## 1365 1992 Singapore 24769.8912
## 1366 1997 Singapore 33519.4766
## 1367 2002 Singapore 36023.1054
## 1368 2007 Singapore 47143.1796
## 1369 1952 Slovak Republic 5074.6591
## 1370 1957 Slovak Republic 6093.2630
## 1371 1962 Slovak Republic 7481.1076
## 1372 1967 Slovak Republic 8412.9024
## 1373 1972 Slovak Republic 9674.1676
## 1374 1977 Slovak Republic 10922.6640
## 1375 1982 Slovak Republic 11348.5459
## 1376 1987 Slovak Republic 12037.2676
## 1377 1992 Slovak Republic 9498.4677
## 1378 1997 Slovak Republic 12126.2306
## 1379 2002 Slovak Republic 13638.7784
## 1380 2007 Slovak Republic 18678.3144
## 1381 1952 Slovenia 4215.0417
## 1382 1957 Slovenia 5862.2766
## 1383 1962 Slovenia 7402.3034
## 1384 1967 Slovenia 9405.4894
## 1385 1972 Slovenia 12383.4862
## 1386 1977 Slovenia 15277.0302
## 1387 1982 Slovenia 17866.7218
## 1388 1987 Slovenia 18678.5349
## 1389 1992 Slovenia 14214.7168
## 1390 1997 Slovenia 17161.1073
## 1391 2002 Slovenia 20660.0194
## 1392 2007 Slovenia 25768.2576
## 1393 1952 Somalia 1135.7498
## 1394 1957 Somalia 1258.1474
## 1395 1962 Somalia 1369.4883
## 1396 1967 Somalia 1284.7332
## 1397 1972 Somalia 1254.5761
## 1398 1977 Somalia 1450.9925
## 1399 1982 Somalia 1176.8070
## 1400 1987 Somalia 1093.2450
## 1401 1992 Somalia 926.9603
## 1402 1997 Somalia 930.5964
## 1403 2002 Somalia 882.0818
## 1404 2007 Somalia 926.1411
## 1405 1952 South Africa 4725.2955
## 1406 1957 South Africa 5487.1042
## 1407 1962 South Africa 5768.7297
## 1408 1967 South Africa 7114.4780
## 1409 1972 South Africa 7765.9626
## 1410 1977 South Africa 8028.6514
## 1411 1982 South Africa 8568.2662
## 1412 1987 South Africa 7825.8234
## 1413 1992 South Africa 7225.0693
## 1414 1997 South Africa 7479.1882
## 1415 2002 South Africa 7710.9464
## 1416 2007 South Africa 9269.6578
## 1417 1952 Spain 3834.0347
## 1418 1957 Spain 4564.8024
## 1419 1962 Spain 5693.8439
## 1420 1967 Spain 7993.5123
## 1421 1972 Spain 10638.7513
## 1422 1977 Spain 13236.9212
## 1423 1982 Spain 13926.1700
## 1424 1987 Spain 15764.9831
## 1425 1992 Spain 18603.0645
## 1426 1997 Spain 20445.2990
## 1427 2002 Spain 24835.4717
## 1428 2007 Spain 28821.0637
## 1429 1952 Sri Lanka 1083.5320
## 1430 1957 Sri Lanka 1072.5466
## 1431 1962 Sri Lanka 1074.4720
## 1432 1967 Sri Lanka 1135.5143
## 1433 1972 Sri Lanka 1213.3955
## 1434 1977 Sri Lanka 1348.7757
## 1435 1982 Sri Lanka 1648.0798
## 1436 1987 Sri Lanka 1876.7668
## 1437 1992 Sri Lanka 2153.7392
## 1438 1997 Sri Lanka 2664.4773
## 1439 2002 Sri Lanka 3015.3788
## 1440 2007 Sri Lanka 3970.0954
## 1441 1952 Sudan 1615.9911
## 1442 1957 Sudan 1770.3371
## 1443 1962 Sudan 1959.5938
## 1444 1967 Sudan 1687.9976
## 1445 1972 Sudan 1659.6528
## 1446 1977 Sudan 2202.9884
## 1447 1982 Sudan 1895.5441
## 1448 1987 Sudan 1507.8192
## 1449 1992 Sudan 1492.1970
## 1450 1997 Sudan 1632.2108
## 1451 2002 Sudan 1993.3983
## 1452 2007 Sudan 2602.3950
## 1453 1952 Swaziland 1148.3766
## 1454 1957 Swaziland 1244.7084
## 1455 1962 Swaziland 1856.1821
## 1456 1967 Swaziland 2613.1017
## 1457 1972 Swaziland 3364.8366
## 1458 1977 Swaziland 3781.4106
## 1459 1982 Swaziland 3895.3840
## 1460 1987 Swaziland 3984.8398
## 1461 1992 Swaziland 3553.0224
## 1462 1997 Swaziland 3876.7685
## 1463 2002 Swaziland 4128.1169
## 1464 2007 Swaziland 4513.4806
## 1465 1952 Sweden 8527.8447
## 1466 1957 Sweden 9911.8782
## 1467 1962 Sweden 12329.4419
## 1468 1967 Sweden 15258.2970
## 1469 1972 Sweden 17832.0246
## 1470 1977 Sweden 18855.7252
## 1471 1982 Sweden 20667.3812
## 1472 1987 Sweden 23586.9293
## 1473 1992 Sweden 23880.0168
## 1474 1997 Sweden 25266.5950
## 1475 2002 Sweden 29341.6309
## 1476 2007 Sweden 33859.7484
## 1477 1952 Switzerland 14734.2327
## 1478 1957 Switzerland 17909.4897
## 1479 1962 Switzerland 20431.0927
## 1480 1967 Switzerland 22966.1443
## 1481 1972 Switzerland 27195.1130
## 1482 1977 Switzerland 26982.2905
## 1483 1982 Switzerland 28397.7151
## 1484 1987 Switzerland 30281.7046
## 1485 1992 Switzerland 31871.5303
## 1486 1997 Switzerland 32135.3230
## 1487 2002 Switzerland 34480.9577
## 1488 2007 Switzerland 37506.4191
## 1489 1952 Syria 1643.4854
## 1490 1957 Syria 2117.2349
## 1491 1962 Syria 2193.0371
## 1492 1967 Syria 1881.9236
## 1493 1972 Syria 2571.4230
## 1494 1977 Syria 3195.4846
## 1495 1982 Syria 3761.8377
## 1496 1987 Syria 3116.7743
## 1497 1992 Syria 3340.5428
## 1498 1997 Syria 4014.2390
## 1499 2002 Syria 4090.9253
## 1500 2007 Syria 4184.5481
## 1501 1952 Taiwan 1206.9479
## 1502 1957 Taiwan 1507.8613
## 1503 1962 Taiwan 1822.8790
## 1504 1967 Taiwan 2643.8587
## 1505 1972 Taiwan 4062.5239
## 1506 1977 Taiwan 5596.5198
## 1507 1982 Taiwan 7426.3548
## 1508 1987 Taiwan 11054.5618
## 1509 1992 Taiwan 15215.6579
## 1510 1997 Taiwan 20206.8210
## 1511 2002 Taiwan 23235.4233
## 1512 2007 Taiwan 28718.2768
## 1513 1952 Tanzania 716.6501
## 1514 1957 Tanzania 698.5356
## 1515 1962 Tanzania 722.0038
## 1516 1967 Tanzania 848.2187
## 1517 1972 Tanzania 915.9851
## 1518 1977 Tanzania 962.4923
## 1519 1982 Tanzania 874.2426
## 1520 1987 Tanzania 831.8221
## 1521 1992 Tanzania 825.6825
## 1522 1997 Tanzania 789.1862
## 1523 2002 Tanzania 899.0742
## 1524 2007 Tanzania 1107.4822
## 1525 1952 Thailand 757.7974
## 1526 1957 Thailand 793.5774
## 1527 1962 Thailand 1002.1992
## 1528 1967 Thailand 1295.4607
## 1529 1972 Thailand 1524.3589
## 1530 1977 Thailand 1961.2246
## 1531 1982 Thailand 2393.2198
## 1532 1987 Thailand 2982.6538
## 1533 1992 Thailand 4616.8965
## 1534 1997 Thailand 5852.6255
## 1535 2002 Thailand 5913.1875
## 1536 2007 Thailand 7458.3963
## 1537 1952 Togo 859.8087
## 1538 1957 Togo 925.9083
## 1539 1962 Togo 1067.5348
## 1540 1967 Togo 1477.5968
## 1541 1972 Togo 1649.6602
## 1542 1977 Togo 1532.7770
## 1543 1982 Togo 1344.5780
## 1544 1987 Togo 1202.2014
## 1545 1992 Togo 1034.2989
## 1546 1997 Togo 982.2869
## 1547 2002 Togo 886.2206
## 1548 2007 Togo 882.9699
## 1549 1952 Trinidad and Tobago 3023.2719
## 1550 1957 Trinidad and Tobago 4100.3934
## 1551 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 4997.5240
## 1552 1967 Trinidad and Tobago 5621.3685
## 1553 1972 Trinidad and Tobago 6619.5514
## 1554 1977 Trinidad and Tobago 7899.5542
## 1555 1982 Trinidad and Tobago 9119.5286
## 1556 1987 Trinidad and Tobago 7388.5978
## 1557 1992 Trinidad and Tobago 7370.9909
## 1558 1997 Trinidad and Tobago 8792.5731
## 1559 2002 Trinidad and Tobago 11460.6002
## 1560 2007 Trinidad and Tobago 18008.5092
## 1561 1952 Tunisia 1468.4756
## 1562 1957 Tunisia 1395.2325
## 1563 1962 Tunisia 1660.3032
## 1564 1967 Tunisia 1932.3602
## 1565 1972 Tunisia 2753.2860
## 1566 1977 Tunisia 3120.8768
## 1567 1982 Tunisia 3560.2332
## 1568 1987 Tunisia 3810.4193
## 1569 1992 Tunisia 4332.7202
## 1570 1997 Tunisia 4876.7986
## 1571 2002 Tunisia 5722.8957
## 1572 2007 Tunisia 7092.9230
## 1573 1952 Turkey 1969.1010
## 1574 1957 Turkey 2218.7543
## 1575 1962 Turkey 2322.8699
## 1576 1967 Turkey 2826.3564
## 1577 1972 Turkey 3450.6964
## 1578 1977 Turkey 4269.1223
## 1579 1982 Turkey 4241.3563
## 1580 1987 Turkey 5089.0437
## 1581 1992 Turkey 5678.3483
## 1582 1997 Turkey 6601.4299
## 1583 2002 Turkey 6508.0857
## 1584 2007 Turkey 8458.2764
## 1585 1952 Uganda 734.7535
## 1586 1957 Uganda 774.3711
## 1587 1962 Uganda 767.2717
## 1588 1967 Uganda 908.9185
## 1589 1972 Uganda 950.7359
## 1590 1977 Uganda 843.7331
## 1591 1982 Uganda 682.2662
## 1592 1987 Uganda 617.7244
## 1593 1992 Uganda 644.1708
## 1594 1997 Uganda 816.5591
## 1595 2002 Uganda 927.7210
## 1596 2007 Uganda 1056.3801
## 1597 1952 United Kingdom 9979.5085
## 1598 1957 United Kingdom 11283.1779
## 1599 1962 United Kingdom 12477.1771
## 1600 1967 United Kingdom 14142.8509
## 1601 1972 United Kingdom 15895.1164
## 1602 1977 United Kingdom 17428.7485
## 1603 1982 United Kingdom 18232.4245
## 1604 1987 United Kingdom 21664.7877
## 1605 1992 United Kingdom 22705.0925
## 1606 1997 United Kingdom 26074.5314
## 1607 2002 United Kingdom 29478.9992
## 1608 2007 United Kingdom 33203.2613
## 1609 1952 United States 13990.4821
## 1610 1957 United States 14847.1271
## 1611 1962 United States 16173.1459
## 1612 1967 United States 19530.3656
## 1613 1972 United States 21806.0359
## 1614 1977 United States 24072.6321
## 1615 1982 United States 25009.5591
## 1616 1987 United States 29884.3504
## 1617 1992 United States 32003.9322
## 1618 1997 United States 35767.4330
## 1619 2002 United States 39097.0995
## 1620 2007 United States 42951.6531
## 1621 1952 Uruguay 5716.7667
## 1622 1957 Uruguay 6150.7730
## 1623 1962 Uruguay 5603.3577
## 1624 1967 Uruguay 5444.6196
## 1625 1972 Uruguay 5703.4089
## 1626 1977 Uruguay 6504.3397
## 1627 1982 Uruguay 6920.2231
## 1628 1987 Uruguay 7452.3990
## 1629 1992 Uruguay 8137.0048
## 1630 1997 Uruguay 9230.2407
## 1631 2002 Uruguay 7727.0020
## 1632 2007 Uruguay 10611.4630
## 1633 1952 Venezuela 7689.7998
## 1634 1957 Venezuela 9802.4665
## 1635 1962 Venezuela 8422.9742
## 1636 1967 Venezuela 9541.4742
## 1637 1972 Venezuela 10505.2597
## 1638 1977 Venezuela 13143.9510
## 1639 1982 Venezuela 11152.4101
## 1640 1987 Venezuela 9883.5846
## 1641 1992 Venezuela 10733.9263
## 1642 1997 Venezuela 10165.4952
## 1643 2002 Venezuela 8605.0478
## 1644 2007 Venezuela 11415.8057
## 1645 1952 Vietnam 605.0665
## 1646 1957 Vietnam 676.2854
## 1647 1962 Vietnam 772.0492
## 1648 1967 Vietnam 637.1233
## 1649 1972 Vietnam 699.5016
## 1650 1977 Vietnam 713.5371
## 1651 1982 Vietnam 707.2358
## 1652 1987 Vietnam 820.7994
## 1653 1992 Vietnam 989.0231
## 1654 1997 Vietnam 1385.8968
## 1655 2002 Vietnam 1764.4567
## 1656 2007 Vietnam 2441.5764
## 1657 1952 West Bank and Gaza 1515.5923
## 1658 1957 West Bank and Gaza 1827.0677
## 1659 1962 West Bank and Gaza 2198.9563
## 1660 1967 West Bank and Gaza 2649.7150
## 1661 1972 West Bank and Gaza 3133.4093
## 1662 1977 West Bank and Gaza 3682.8315
## 1663 1982 West Bank and Gaza 4336.0321
## 1664 1987 West Bank and Gaza 5107.1974
## 1665 1992 West Bank and Gaza 6017.6548
## 1666 1997 West Bank and Gaza 7110.6676
## 1667 2002 West Bank and Gaza 4515.4876
## 1668 2007 West Bank and Gaza 3025.3498
## 1669 1952 Yemen Rep. 781.7176
## 1670 1957 Yemen Rep. 804.8305
## 1671 1962 Yemen Rep. 825.6232
## 1672 1967 Yemen Rep. 862.4421
## 1673 1972 Yemen Rep. 1265.0470
## 1674 1977 Yemen Rep. 1829.7652
## 1675 1982 Yemen Rep. 1977.5570
## 1676 1987 Yemen Rep. 1971.7415
## 1677 1992 Yemen Rep. 1879.4967
## 1678 1997 Yemen Rep. 2117.4845
## 1679 2002 Yemen Rep. 2234.8208
## 1680 2007 Yemen Rep. 2280.7699
## 1681 1952 Zambia 1147.3888
## 1682 1957 Zambia 1311.9568
## 1683 1962 Zambia 1452.7258
## 1684 1967 Zambia 1777.0773
## 1685 1972 Zambia 1773.4983
## 1686 1977 Zambia 1588.6883
## 1687 1982 Zambia 1408.6786
## 1688 1987 Zambia 1213.3151
## 1689 1992 Zambia 1210.8846
## 1690 1997 Zambia 1071.3538
## 1691 2002 Zambia 1071.6139
## 1692 2007 Zambia 1271.2116
## 1693 1952 Zimbabwe 406.8841
## 1694 1957 Zimbabwe 518.7643
## 1695 1962 Zimbabwe 527.2722
## 1696 1967 Zimbabwe 569.7951
## 1697 1972 Zimbabwe 799.3622
## 1698 1977 Zimbabwe 685.5877
## 1699 1982 Zimbabwe 788.8550
## 1700 1987 Zimbabwe 706.1573
## 1701 1992 Zimbabwe 693.4208
## 1702 1997 Zimbabwe 792.4500
## 1703 2002 Zimbabwe 672.0386
## 1704 2007 Zimbabwe 469.7093#save the output of the pipe with a new variable
year_country_gdp <- gap %>%
select(year, country, gdpPercap)head(year_country_gdp)## year country gdpPercap
## 1 1952 Afghanistan 779.4453
## 2 1957 Afghanistan 820.8530
## 3 1962 Afghanistan 853.1007
## 4 1967 Afghanistan 836.1971
## 5 1972 Afghanistan 739.9811
## 6 1977 Afghanistan 786.1134Filter Rows with filter
year_country_gdp_africa <- gap %>%
filter(continent == "Africa") %>%
select(year, country, gdpPercap)head(year_country_gdp_africa)## year country gdpPercap
## 1 1952 Algeria 2449.008
## 2 1957 Algeria 3013.976
## 3 1962 Algeria 2550.817
## 4 1967 Algeria 3246.992
## 5 1972 Algeria 4182.664
## 6 1977 Algeria 4910.417Comparisons
Comparison operators: >, >=, <, <=, != (not equal), and == (equal).
Missing values
NA > 5## [1] NA10 == NA## [1] NANA + 10## [1] NANA / 2## [1] NA#not run
is.na(x)Calculate Across Groups with group_by
mean(gap$gdpPercap[gap$continent == "Africa"])## [1] 2193.755mean(gap$gdpPercap[gap$continent == "Americas"])## [1] 7136.11mean(gap$gdpPercap[gap$continent == "Asia"])## [1] 7902.15mean(gap$gdpPercap[gap$continent == "Europe"])## [1] 14469.48mean(gap$gdpPercap[gap$continent == "Oceania"])## [1] 18621.61split-apply-combine
knitr::include_graphics(path = "diagrams/splitapply.png")
group_by
knitr::include_graphics(path = "diagrams/dplyr-fig2.png")
Summarize Across Groups with summarize
gdp_bycontinents <- gap %>%
group_by(continent) %>%
summarize(mean_gdpPercap = mean(gdpPercap))
gdp_bycontinents## # A tibble: 5 x 2
## continent mean_gdpPercap
## <fct> <dbl>
## 1 Africa 2194.
## 2 Americas 7136.
## 3 Asia 7902.
## 4 Europe 14469.
## 5 Oceania 18622.knitr::include_graphics(path = "diagrams/dplyr-fig3.png")
gdp_bycontinents_byyear <- gap %>%
group_by(continent, year) %>%
summarize(mean_gdpPercap = mean(gdpPercap))
gdp_bycontinents_byyear## # A tibble: 60 x 3
## # Groups: continent [5]
## continent year mean_gdpPercap
## <fct> <int> <dbl>
## 1 Africa 1952 1253.
## 2 Africa 1957 1385.
## 3 Africa 1962 1598.
## 4 Africa 1967 2050.
## 5 Africa 1972 2340.
## 6 Africa 1977 2586.
## 7 Africa 1982 2482.
## 8 Africa 1987 2283.
## 9 Africa 1992 2282.
## 10 Africa 1997 2379.
## # … with 50 more rowsgdp_pop_bycontinents_byyear <- gap %>%
group_by(continent, year) %>%
summarize(mean_gdpPercap = mean(gdpPercap),
sd_gdpPercap = sd(gdpPercap),
mean_pop = mean(pop),
sd_pop = sd(pop))
gdp_pop_bycontinents_byyear## # A tibble: 60 x 6
## # Groups: continent [5]
## continent year mean_gdpPercap sd_gdpPercap mean_pop sd_pop
## <fct> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Africa 1952 1253. 983. 4570010. 6317450.
## 2 Africa 1957 1385. 1135. 5093033. 7076042.
## 3 Africa 1962 1598. 1462. 5702247. 7957545.
## 4 Africa 1967 2050. 2848. 6447875. 8985505.
## 5 Africa 1972 2340. 3287. 7305376. 10130833.
## 6 Africa 1977 2586. 4142. 8328097. 11585184.
## 7 Africa 1982 2482. 3243. 9602857. 13456243.
## 8 Africa 1987 2283. 2567. 11054502. 15277484.
## 9 Africa 1992 2282. 2644. 12674645. 17562719.
## 10 Africa 1997 2379. 2821. 14304480. 19873013.
## # … with 50 more rowsAdd New Variables with mutate
gapminder_with_extra_vars <- gap %>%
group_by(continent, year) %>%
mutate(mean_gdpPercap = mean(gdpPercap),
sd_gdpPercap = sd(gdpPercap),
mean_pop = mean(pop),
sd_pop = sd(pop))
gapminder_with_extra_vars## # A tibble: 1,704 x 10
## # Groups: continent, year [60]
## country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap mean_gdpPercap sd_gdpPercap
## <fct> <int> <dbl> <fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Afghan… 1952 8.43e6 Asia 28.8 779. 5195. 18635.
## 2 Afghan… 1957 9.24e6 Asia 30.3 821. 5788. 19507.
## 3 Afghan… 1962 1.03e7 Asia 32.0 853. 5729. 16416.
## 4 Afghan… 1967 1.15e7 Asia 34.0 836. 5971. 14063.
## 5 Afghan… 1972 1.31e7 Asia 36.1 740. 8187. 19088.
## 6 Afghan… 1977 1.49e7 Asia 38.4 786. 7791. 11816.
## 7 Afghan… 1982 1.29e7 Asia 39.9 978. 7434. 8701.
## 8 Afghan… 1987 1.39e7 Asia 40.8 852. 7608. 8090.
## 9 Afghan… 1992 1.63e7 Asia 41.7 649. 8640. 9727.
## 10 Afghan… 1997 2.22e7 Asia 41.8 635. 9834. 11094.
## # … with 1,694 more rows, and 2 more variables: mean_pop <dbl>, sd_pop <dbl>gdp_pop_bycontinents_byyear <- gap %>%
mutate(gdp_billion = gdpPercap*pop/10^9) %>%
group_by(continent, year) %>%
summarize(mean_gdpPercap = mean(gdpPercap),
sd_gdpPercap = sd(gdpPercap),
mean_pop = mean(pop),
sd_pop = sd(pop),
mean_gdp_billion = mean(gdp_billion),
sd_gdp_billion = sd(gdp_billion))
gdp_pop_bycontinents_byyear## # A tibble: 60 x 8
## # Groups: continent [5]
## continent year mean_gdpPercap sd_gdpPercap mean_pop sd_pop mean_gdp_billion
## <fct> <int> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Africa 1952 1253. 983. 4.57e6 6.32e6 5.99
## 2 Africa 1957 1385. 1135. 5.09e6 7.08e6 7.36
## 3 Africa 1962 1598. 1462. 5.70e6 7.96e6 8.78
## 4 Africa 1967 2050. 2848. 6.45e6 8.99e6 11.4
## 5 Africa 1972 2340. 3287. 7.31e6 1.01e7 15.1
## 6 Africa 1977 2586. 4142. 8.33e6 1.16e7 18.7
## 7 Africa 1982 2482. 3243. 9.60e6 1.35e7 22.0
## 8 Africa 1987 2283. 2567. 1.11e7 1.53e7 24.1
## 9 Africa 1992 2282. 2644. 1.27e7 1.76e7 26.3
## 10 Africa 1997 2379. 2821. 1.43e7 1.99e7 30.0
## # … with 50 more rows, and 1 more variable: sd_gdp_billion <dbl>Arrange Rows with arrange
gapminder_with_extra_vars <- gap %>%
group_by(continent, year) %>%
mutate(mean_gdpPercap = mean(gdpPercap),
sd_gdpPercap = sd(gdpPercap),
mean_pop = mean(pop),
sd_pop = sd(pop)) %>%
arrange(desc(year), continent)
gapminder_with_extra_vars## # A tibble: 1,704 x 10
## # Groups: continent, year [60]
## country year pop continent lifeExp gdpPercap mean_gdpPercap sd_gdpPercap
## <fct> <int> <dbl> <fct> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
## 1 Algeria 2007 3.33e7 Africa 72.3 6223. 3089. 3618.
## 2 Angola 2007 1.24e7 Africa 42.7 4797. 3089. 3618.
## 3 Benin 2007 8.08e6 Africa 56.7 1441. 3089. 3618.
## 4 Botswa… 2007 1.64e6 Africa 50.7 12570. 3089. 3618.
## 5 Burkin… 2007 1.43e7 Africa 52.3 1217. 3089. 3618.
## 6 Burundi 2007 8.39e6 Africa 49.6 430. 3089. 3618.
## 7 Camero… 2007 1.77e7 Africa 50.4 2042. 3089. 3618.
## 8 Centra… 2007 4.37e6 Africa 44.7 706. 3089. 3618.
## 9 Chad 2007 1.02e7 Africa 50.7 1704. 3089. 3618.
## 10 Comoros 2007 7.11e5 Africa 65.2 986. 3089. 3618.
## # … with 1,694 more rows, and 2 more variables: mean_pop <dbl>, sd_pop <dbl>Exercises
For these exercises we’ll be usinh the flights dataset. This data frame contains all 336,776 flights that departed from New York City in 2013. The data comes from the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics, and is documented in ?flights.
library(nycflights13)
library(tidyverse)flights## # A tibble: 336,776 x 19
## year month day dep_time sched_dep_time dep_delay arr_time sched_arr_time
## <int> <int> <int> <int> <int> <dbl> <int> <int>
## 1 2013 1 1 517 515 2 830 819
## 2 2013 1 1 533 529 4 850 830
## 3 2013 1 1 542 540 2 923 850
## 4 2013 1 1 544 545 -1 1004 1022
## 5 2013 1 1 554 600 -6 812 837
## 6 2013 1 1 554 558 -4 740 728
## 7 2013 1 1 555 600 -5 913 854
## 8 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 709 723
## 9 2013 1 1 557 600 -3 838 846
## 10 2013 1 1 558 600 -2 753 745
## # … with 336,766 more rows, and 11 more variables: arr_delay <dbl>,
## # carrier <chr>, flight <int>, tailnum <chr>, origin <chr>, dest <chr>,
## # air_time <dbl>, distance <dbl>, hour <dbl>, minute <dbl>, time_hour <dttm>Exercises
Find all flights that
- Had an arrival delay of two or more hours
- Flew to Houston (
IAHorHOU) - Were operated by United, American, or Delta
- Departed in summer (July, August, and September)
- Arrived more than two hours late, but didn’t leave late
- Were delayed by at least an hour, but made up over 30 minutes in flight
- Departed between midnight and 6am (inclusive)
How many flights have a missing
dep_time? What other variables are missing? What might these rows represent?How could you use
arrange()to sort all missing values to the start? (Hint: useis.na()).Sort
flightsto find the most delayed flights. Find the flights that left earliest.Sort
flightsto find the fastest (highest speed) flights.Which flights travelled the farthest? Which travelled the shortest?
What happens if you include the name of a variable multiple times in a
select()call?Does the result of running the following code surprise you? How do the select helpers deal with case by default? How can you change that default?
select(flights, contains("TIME"))Which carrier has the worst delays? Challenge: can you disentangle the effects of bad airports vs. bad carriers? Why/why not? (Hint: think about
flights %>% group_by(carrier, dest) %>% summarise(n()))
Reading
If you have completed these exercises read through the complete chapter on data transformation in R4ds (chapter 5): https://r4ds.had.co.nz/transform.html (this will expand on many things covered in tthe video and exercises)